Prophetic (PBUH) Treaties: A Framework for Inclusive Governance and Interfaith Harmony in Muslim–Non-Muslim State Relations

Abstract

This study examines the diplomatic and governance frameworks established by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through treaties with non-Muslim communities, analyzing their relevance to contemporary Muslim-state relations. By critically engaging with historical accords such as the Constitution of Medina, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and agreements with Jewish and Christian tribes, the research highlights enduring principles of peacebuilding, interfaith coexistence, and minority rights. Central to these treaties was the prioritization of dialogue over conflict, exemplified by the 10-year Hudaybiyyah truce, which halted hostilities with Meccan polytheists despite entrenched animosity. The Constitution of Medina institutionalized pluralism, recognizing Jews and Muslims as a unified political entity (ummah wahidah) while guaranteeing religious autonomy—a model that prefigured modern secularism yet emphasized ethical accountability. The study also explores mechanisms for protecting minorities, such as the jizya system, which linked tax obligations to state protection while permitting non-Muslims to voluntarily contribute to national defense without financial penalty. Furthermore, the work addresses contemporary challenges, including sectarian extremism and discriminatory policies, arguing for realigning governance with Prophetic ethics. Key recommendations include legislative reforms to safeguard minority worship and education, interfaith dialogue platforms, and multilateral alliances rooted in mutual respect. By contrasting the failure of modern treaties with the success of Prophetic diplomacy, the study underscores Islam’s capacity to harmonize faith with inclusive statecraft. Ultimately, this research posits that reviving the Prophet’s (PBUH) ethos—grounded in justice, empathy, and collective welfare—offers a transformative roadmap for Muslim-majority nations to counter polarization, foster global harmony, and reclaim their role as moral leaders in a fractured world.